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A security monitor implemented using Ratel can mediate and intercept on all instructions, entry-exits, system calls, dynamically generated code, asynchronous events, virtual address accesses, and runtime loading of code and data in the enclave-a foundation for implementing a wide variety of security-related instrumentation on enclaves in the future, without specializing to individual applications or language runtimes. The Ratel DBT engine does not trust the OS, and enclave applications running on Ratel are assumed to be unaware of its presence. Ratel is available open-source and it builds on DynamoRIO, an industrial-strength DBT engine originally designed for non-enclave code. Our work enables DBT on Intel SGX enclaves for unmodified x86_64 Linux binaries by designing a system called Ratel. In this work, we address this challenge by taking a new approach: we enable dynamic binary translation (DBT), i.e., the ability to interpose on all enclave instructions executed in the enclave. For example, a long line of work on frameworks that aim to run existing software on SGX highlights the difficulty of ensuring compatibility. Ĭomplete interposition on enclave-OS interface is a known challenge. Such interposition can be used for implementing compatibility frameworks, a host of well-known inline security monitors, and sandboxing techniques inside enclaves.
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Therefore, the ability to interpose on all control and data passed on the enclave-OS interface is an important building block.
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Furthermore, the demand for running commodity applications inside SGX has surged, but these applications are not written to deal with the threat of a malicious OS. SGX exposes an extremely large interface between the enclave and the OS, including the potential to transfer control to the OS at every memory access (e.g., via memory faults) or instruction executed (e.g., via timer interrupts and exceptions). Further, they open up the possibility of reverse sandboxing, where the enclaved application protects itself from attacks arising from the OS. Enclaves offer a good basis for isolation, as they do not necessarily place trust on the OS and allow us to restrict the code base to trust. The hardware-isolated environment created by SGX, commonly referred to as an enclave, runs a user-level application without trusting privileged software.
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A prime example of such a TEE is Intel Software Guard eXtensions (SGX). Runtimes for two programming languages, namely, Python and R, tested with standard benchmarks work out-of-the-box on Ratel without any specialized handling.Ĭommercial processors today have native support for trusted execution environments (TEEs) to run user-level applications in isolation from other software on the system. We report that Ratel offers binary compatibility with over 200 programs we tested, including micro-benchmarks and real applications, such as Linux shell utilities. To illustrate the utility of the Ratel framework, we present the first attempt to offer binary compatibility with existing software on SGX.
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We draw attention to five design decisions in SGX that create fundamental trade-offs between performance and ensuring complete interposition, and we explain how to resolve them in the favor of complete interposition. We take a principled approach in explaining why complete interposition on SGX is challenging. Instruction-level interposition offers a general foundation for implementing a large variety of inline security monitors in thefuture. Ratel offers complete interposition, the ability to interpose on all executed instructions in the enclave and monitor all interactions with the OS. This article presents Ratel, a dynamic binary translation engine running inside SGX enclaves on Linux. The enclave-OS interface on SGX, however, can be extremely large if we wish to run existing unmodified binaries inside enclaves. While enclaves are a useful starting point, code running in the enclave requires additional checks whenever control or data is transferred to/from the untrusted OS. Enclaves, such as those enabled by Intel SGX, offer a hardware primitive for shielding user-level applications from the OS.